A Prism l is a Traversal that can also be turned around with re to obtain a Getter in the opposite direction.

There are three laws that a Prism should satisfy:

First, if I re or review a value with a Prism and then preview or use (^?), I will get it back:

preview l (review l b) ≡ Just b

Second, if you can extract a value a using a Prism l from a value s, then the value s is completely described by l and a:

preview l s ≡ Just a ⟹ review l a ≡ s

Third, if you get non-match t, you can convert it result back to s:

matching l s ≡ Left t ⟹ matching l t ≡ Left s

The first two laws imply that the Traversal laws hold for every Prism and that we traverse at most 1 element:

lengthOf l x <= 1

It may help to think of this as an Iso that can be partial in one direction.

Every Prism is a valid Traversal.

Every Iso is a valid Prism.

For example, you might have a Prism' Integer Natural allows you to always go from a Natural to an Integer, and provide you with tools to check if an Integer is a Natural and/or to edit one if it is.

nat :: Prism' Integer Natural
nat = prism toInteger $ \ i ->
   if i < 0
   then Left i
   else Right (fromInteger i)

Now we can ask if an Integer is a Natural.

>>> 5^?nat
Just 5

>>> (-5)^?nat
Nothing

We can update the ones that are:

>>> (-3,4) & both.nat *~ 2
(-3,8)

And we can then convert from a Natural to an Integer.

>>> 5 ^. re nat -- :: Natural
5

Similarly we can use a Prism to traverse the Left half of an Either:

>>> Left "hello" & _Left %~ length
Left 5

or to construct an Either:

>>> 5^.re _Left
Left 5

such that if you query it with the Prism, you will get your original input back.

>>> 5^.re _Left ^? _Left
Just 5

Another interesting way to think of a Prism is as the categorical dual of a Lens -- a co-Lens, so to speak. This is what permits the construction of outside.

Note: Composition with a Prism is index-preserving.

A Simple Prism.

If you see this in a signature for a function, the function is expecting a Prism.

type APrism' = Simple APrism

Build a Prism.

Either t a is used instead of Maybe a to permit the types of s and t to differ.

This is usually used to build a Prism', when you have to use an operation like cast which already returns a Maybe.

Convert APrism to the pair of functions that characterize it.

Clone a Prism so that you can reuse the same monomorphically typed Prism for different purposes.

See cloneLens and cloneTraversal for examples of why you might want to do this.

Use a Prism as a kind of first-class pattern.

outside :: Prism s t a b -> Lens (t -> r) (s -> r) (b -> r) (a -> r)

Use a Prism to work over part of a structure.

Given a pair of prisms, project sums.

Viewing a Prism as a co-Lens, this combinator can be seen to be dual to alongside.

lift a Prism through a Traversable functor, giving a Prism that matches only if all the elements of the container match the Prism.

>>> [Left 1, Right "foo", Left 4, Right "woot"]^..below _Right
[]

>>> [Right "hail hydra!", Right "foo", Right "blah", Right "woot"]^..below _Right
[["hail hydra!","foo","blah","woot"]]

Check to see if this Prism doesn't match.

>>> isn't _Left (Right 12)
True

>>> isn't _Left (Left 12)
False

>>> isn't _Empty []
False

isn't = not . is
isn't = hasn't

Retrieve the value targeted by a Prism or return the original value while allowing the type to change if it does not match.

>>> matching _Just (Just 12)
Right 12

>>> matching _Just (Nothing :: Maybe Int) :: Either (Maybe Bool) Int
Left Nothing

Like matching, but also works for combinations of Lens and Prisms, and also Traversals.

>>> matching' (_2 . _Just) ('x', Just True)
Right True

>>> matching' (_2 . _Just) ('x', Nothing :: Maybe Int) :: Either (Char, Maybe Bool) Int
Left ('x',Nothing)

>>> matching' traverse "" :: Either [Int] Char
Left []

>>> matching' traverse "xyz" :: Either [Int] Char
Right 'x'

This Prism provides a Traversal for tweaking the Left half of an Either:

>>> over _Left (+1) (Left 2)
Left 3

>>> over _Left (+1) (Right 2)
Right 2

>>> Right 42 ^._Left :: String
""

>>> Left "hello" ^._Left
"hello"

It also can be turned around to obtain the embedding into the Left half of an Either:

>>> _Left # 5
Left 5

>>> 5^.re _Left
Left 5

This Prism provides a Traversal for tweaking the Right half of an Either:

>>> over _Right (+1) (Left 2)
Left 2

>>> over _Right (+1) (Right 2)
Right 3

>>> Right "hello" ^._Right
"hello"

>>> Left "hello" ^._Right :: [Double]
[]

It also can be turned around to obtain the embedding into the Right half of an Either:

>>> _Right # 5
Right 5

>>> 5^.re _Right
Right 5

This Prism provides a Traversal for tweaking the target of the value of Just in a Maybe.

>>> over _Just (+1) (Just 2)
Just 3

Unlike traverse this is a Prism, and so you can use it to inject as well:

>>> _Just # 5
Just 5

>>> 5^.re _Just
Just 5

Interestingly,

m ^? _Just ≡ m

>>> Just x ^? _Just
Just x

>>> Nothing ^? _Just
Nothing

This Prism provides the Traversal of a Nothing in a Maybe.

>>> Nothing ^? _Nothing
Just ()

>>> Just () ^? _Nothing
Nothing

But you can turn it around and use it to construct Nothing as well:

>>> _Nothing # ()
Nothing

Void is a logically uninhabited data type.

This is a Prism that will always fail to match.

This is an improper prism for text formatting based on Read and Show.

This Prism is "improper" in the sense that it normalizes the text formatting, but round tripping is idempotent given sane Read/Show instances.

>>> _Show # 2
"2"

>>> "EQ" ^? _Show :: Maybe Ordering
Just EQ

_Show ≡ prism' show readMaybe

This Prism compares for exact equality with a given value.

>>> only 4 # ()
4

>>> 5 ^? only 4
Nothing

This Prism compares for approximate equality with a given value and a predicate for testing, an example where the value is the empty list and the predicate checks that a list is empty (same as _Empty with the AsEmpty list instance):

>>> nearly [] null # ()
[]
>>> [1,2,3,4] ^? nearly [] null
Nothing

nearly [] null :: Prism' [a] ()

To comply with the Prism laws the arguments you supply to nearly a p are somewhat constrained.

We assume p x holds iff x ≡ a. Under that assumption then this is a valid Prism.

This is useful when working with a type where you can test equality for only a subset of its values, and the prism selects such a value.

The generalization of Costar of Functor that is strong with respect to Either.

Note: This is also a notion of strength, except with regards to another monoidal structure that we can choose to equip Hask with: the cocartesian coproduct.