Copyright	(C) 2011-2018 Edward Kmett
License	BSD-style (see the file LICENSE)
Maintainer	Edward Kmett <ekmett@gmail.com>
Stability	provisional
Portability	portable
Safe Haskell	Trustworthy
Language	Haskell2010

Data.Profunctor.Unsafe

Contents

Profunctors

Description

For a good explanation of profunctors in Haskell see Dan Piponi's article:

http://blog.sigfpe.com/2011/07/profunctors-in-haskell.html

This module includes unsafe composition operators that are useful in practice when it comes to generating optimal core in GHC.

If you import this module you are taking upon yourself the obligation that you will only call the operators with # in their names with functions that are operationally identity such as newtype constructors or the field accessor of a newtype.

If you are ever in doubt, use rmap or lmap.

Synopsis

class Profunctor (p :: Type -> Type -> Type) where
- dimap :: (a -> b) -> (c -> d) -> p b c -> p a d
- lmap :: (a -> b) -> p b c -> p a c
- rmap :: (b -> c) -> p a b -> p a c
- (#.) :: forall a b c q. Coercible c b => q b c -> p a b -> p a c
- (.#) :: forall a b c q. Coercible b a => p b c -> q a b -> p a c

Profunctors

class Profunctor (p :: Type -> Type -> Type) where Source #

Formally, the class Profunctor represents a profunctor from Hask -> Hask.

Intuitively it is a bifunctor where the first argument is contravariant and the second argument is covariant.

You can define a Profunctor by either defining dimap or by defining both lmap and rmap.

If you supply dimap, you should ensure that:

dimap id id ≡ id

If you supply lmap and rmap, ensure:

lmap id ≡ id
rmap id ≡ id

If you supply both, you should also ensure:

dimap f g ≡ lmap f . rmap g

These ensure by parametricity:

dimap (f . g) (h . i) ≡ dimap g h . dimap f i
lmap (f . g) ≡ lmap g . lmap f
rmap (f . g) ≡ rmap f . rmap g

Minimal complete definition

dimap | lmap, rmap

Methods

dimap :: (a -> b) -> (c -> d) -> p b c -> p a d Source #

Map over both arguments at the same time.

dimap f g ≡ lmap f . rmap g

lmap :: (a -> b) -> p b c -> p a c Source #

Map the first argument contravariantly.

lmap f ≡ dimap f id

rmap :: (b -> c) -> p a b -> p a c Source #

Map the second argument covariantly.

rmap ≡ dimap id

(#.) :: forall a b c q. Coercible c b => q b c -> p a b -> p a c infixr 9 Source #

Strictly map the second argument argument covariantly with a function that is assumed operationally to be a cast, such as a newtype constructor.

Note: This operation is explicitly unsafe since an implementation may choose to use unsafeCoerce to implement this combinator and it has no way to validate that your function meets the requirements.

If you implement this combinator with unsafeCoerce, then you are taking upon yourself the obligation that you don't use GADT-like tricks to distinguish values.

If you import Data.Profunctor.Unsafe you are taking upon yourself the obligation that you will only call this with a first argument that is operationally identity.

The semantics of this function with respect to bottoms should match the default definition:

(#.) ≡ \_ -> \p -> p `seq` rmap coerce p

(.#) :: forall a b c q. Coercible b a => p b c -> q a b -> p a c infixl 8 Source #

Strictly map the first argument argument contravariantly with a function that is assumed operationally to be a cast, such as a newtype constructor.

Note: This operation is explicitly unsafe since an implementation may choose to use unsafeCoerce to implement this combinator and it has no way to validate that your function meets the requirements.

If you implement this combinator with unsafeCoerce, then you are taking upon yourself the obligation that you don't use GADT-like tricks to distinguish values.

If you import Data.Profunctor.Unsafe you are taking upon yourself the obligation that you will only call this with a second argument that is operationally identity.

(.#) ≡ \p -> p `seq` \f -> lmap coerce p

Instances

Instances details

Monad m => Profunctor (Kleisli m) Source #
Instance details Defined in Data.Profunctor.Unsafe Methods dimap :: (a -> b) -> (c -> d) -> Kleisli m b c -> Kleisli m a d Source # lmap :: (a -> b) -> Kleisli m b c -> Kleisli m a c Source # rmap :: (b -> c) -> Kleisli m a b -> Kleisli m a c Source # (#.) :: forall a b c q. Coercible c b => q b c -> Kleisli m a b -> Kleisli m a c Source # (.#) :: forall a b c q. Coercible b a => Kleisli m b c -> q a b -> Kleisli m a c Source #
Profunctor (CopastroSum p) Source #
Instance details Defined in Data.Profunctor.Choice Methods dimap :: (a -> b) -> (c -> d) -> CopastroSum p b c -> CopastroSum p a d Source # lmap :: (a -> b) -> CopastroSum p b c -> CopastroSum p a c Source # rmap :: (b -> c) -> CopastroSum p a b -> CopastroSum p a c Source # (#.) :: forall a b c q. Coercible c b => q b c -> CopastroSum p a b -> CopastroSum p a c Source # (.#) :: forall a b c q. Coercible b a => CopastroSum p b c -> q a b -> CopastroSum p a c Source #
Profunctor (CotambaraSum p) Source #
Instance details Defined in Data.Profunctor.Choice Methods dimap :: (a -> b) -> (c -> d) -> CotambaraSum p b c -> CotambaraSum p a d Source # lmap :: (a -> b) -> CotambaraSum p b c -> CotambaraSum p a c Source # rmap :: (b -> c) -> CotambaraSum p a b -> CotambaraSum p a c Source # (#.) :: forall a b c q. Coercible c b => q b c -> CotambaraSum p a b -> CotambaraSum p a c Source # (.#) :: forall a b c q. Coercible b a => CotambaraSum p b c -> q a b -> CotambaraSum p a c Source #
Profunctor (PastroSum p) Source #
Instance details Defined in Data.Profunctor.Choice Methods dimap :: (a -> b) -> (c -> d) -> PastroSum p b c -> PastroSum p a d Source # lmap :: (a -> b) -> PastroSum p b c -> PastroSum p a c Source # rmap :: (b -> c) -> PastroSum p a b -> PastroSum p a c Source # (#.) :: forall a b c q. Coercible c b => q b c -> PastroSum p a b -> PastroSum p a c Source # (.#) :: forall a b c q. Coercible b a => PastroSum p b c -> q a b -> PastroSum p a c Source #
Profunctor p => Profunctor (TambaraSum p) Source #
Instance details Defined in Data.Profunctor.Choice Methods dimap :: (a -> b) -> (c -> d) -> TambaraSum p b c -> TambaraSum p a d Source # lmap :: (a -> b) -> TambaraSum p b c -> TambaraSum p a c Source # rmap :: (b -> c) -> TambaraSum p a b -> TambaraSum p a c Source # (#.) :: forall a b c q. Coercible c b => q b c -> TambaraSum p a b -> TambaraSum p a c Source # (.#) :: forall a b c q. Coercible b a => TambaraSum p b c -> q a b -> TambaraSum p a c Source #
Profunctor p => Profunctor (Closure p) Source #
Instance details Defined in Data.Profunctor.Closed Methods dimap :: (a -> b) -> (c -> d) -> Closure p b c -> Closure p a d Source # lmap :: (a -> b) -> Closure p b c -> Closure p a c Source # rmap :: (b -> c) -> Closure p a b -> Closure p a c Source # (#.) :: forall a b c q. Coercible c b => q b c -> Closure p a b -> Closure p a c Source # (.#) :: forall a b c q. Coercible b a => Closure p b c -> q a b -> Closure p a c Source #
Profunctor (Environment p) Source #
Instance details Defined in Data.Profunctor.Closed Methods dimap :: (a -> b) -> (c -> d) -> Environment p b c -> Environment p a d Source # lmap :: (a -> b) -> Environment p b c -> Environment p a c Source # rmap :: (b -> c) -> Environment p a b -> Environment p a c Source # (#.) :: forall a b c q. Coercible c b => q b c -> Environment p a b -> Environment p a c Source # (.#) :: forall a b c q. Coercible b a => Environment p b c -> q a b -> Environment p a c Source #
Profunctor p => Profunctor (CofreeMapping p) Source #
Instance details Defined in Data.Profunctor.Mapping Methods dimap :: (a -> b) -> (c -> d) -> CofreeMapping p b c -> CofreeMapping p a d Source # lmap :: (a -> b) -> CofreeMapping p b c -> CofreeMapping p a c Source # rmap :: (b -> c) -> CofreeMapping p a b -> CofreeMapping p a c Source # (#.) :: forall a b c q. Coercible c b => q b c -> CofreeMapping p a b -> CofreeMapping p a c Source # (.#) :: forall a b c q. Coercible b a => CofreeMapping p b c -> q a b -> CofreeMapping p a c Source #
Profunctor (FreeMapping p) Source #
Instance details Defined in Data.Profunctor.Mapping Methods dimap :: (a -> b) -> (c -> d) -> FreeMapping p b c -> FreeMapping p a d Source # lmap :: (a -> b) -> FreeMapping p b c -> FreeMapping p a c Source # rmap :: (b -> c) -> FreeMapping p a b -> FreeMapping p a c Source # (#.) :: forall a b c q. Coercible c b => q b c -> FreeMapping p a b -> FreeMapping p a c Source # (.#) :: forall a b c q. Coercible b a => FreeMapping p b c -> q a b -> FreeMapping p a c Source #
Profunctor (Copastro p) Source #
Instance details Defined in Data.Profunctor.Strong Methods dimap :: (a -> b) -> (c -> d) -> Copastro p b c -> Copastro p a d Source # lmap :: (a -> b) -> Copastro p b c -> Copastro p a c Source # rmap :: (b -> c) -> Copastro p a b -> Copastro p a c Source # (#.) :: forall a b c q. Coercible c b => q b c -> Copastro p a b -> Copastro p a c Source # (.#) :: forall a b c q. Coercible b a => Copastro p b c -> q a b -> Copastro p a c Source #
Profunctor (Cotambara p) Source #
Instance details Defined in Data.Profunctor.Strong Methods dimap :: (a -> b) -> (c -> d) -> Cotambara p b c -> Cotambara p a d Source # lmap :: (a -> b) -> Cotambara p b c -> Cotambara p a c Source # rmap :: (b -> c) -> Cotambara p a b -> Cotambara p a c Source # (#.) :: forall a b c q. Coercible c b => q b c -> Cotambara p a b -> Cotambara p a c Source # (.#) :: forall a b c q. Coercible b a => Cotambara p b c -> q a b -> Cotambara p a c Source #
Profunctor (Pastro p) Source #
Instance details Defined in Data.Profunctor.Strong Methods dimap :: (a -> b) -> (c -> d) -> Pastro p b c -> Pastro p a d Source # lmap :: (a -> b) -> Pastro p b c -> Pastro p a c Source # rmap :: (b -> c) -> Pastro p a b -> Pastro p a c Source # (#.) :: forall a b c q. Coercible c b => q b c -> Pastro p a b -> Pastro p a c Source # (.#) :: forall a b c q. Coercible b a => Pastro p b c -> q a b -> Pastro p a c Source #
Profunctor p => Profunctor (Tambara p) Source #
Instance details Defined in Data.Profunctor.Strong Methods dimap :: (a -> b) -> (c -> d) -> Tambara p b c -> Tambara p a d Source # lmap :: (a -> b) -> Tambara p b c -> Tambara p a c Source # rmap :: (b -> c) -> Tambara p a b -> Tambara p a c Source # (#.) :: forall a b c q. Coercible c b => q b c -> Tambara p a b -> Tambara p a c Source # (.#) :: forall a b c q. Coercible b a => Tambara p b c -> q a b -> Tambara p a c Source #
Profunctor p => Profunctor (CofreeTraversing p) Source #
Instance details Defined in Data.Profunctor.Traversing Methods dimap :: (a -> b) -> (c -> d) -> CofreeTraversing p b c -> CofreeTraversing p a d Source # lmap :: (a -> b) -> CofreeTraversing p b c -> CofreeTraversing p a c Source # rmap :: (b -> c) -> CofreeTraversing p a b -> CofreeTraversing p a c Source # (#.) :: forall a b c q. Coercible c b => q b c -> CofreeTraversing p a b -> CofreeTraversing p a c Source # (.#) :: forall a b c q. Coercible b a => CofreeTraversing p b c -> q a b -> CofreeTraversing p a c Source #
Profunctor (FreeTraversing p) Source #
Instance details Defined in Data.Profunctor.Traversing Methods dimap :: (a -> b) -> (c -> d) -> FreeTraversing p b c -> FreeTraversing p a d Source # lmap :: (a -> b) -> FreeTraversing p b c -> FreeTraversing p a c Source # rmap :: (b -> c) -> FreeTraversing p a b -> FreeTraversing p a c Source # (#.) :: forall a b c q. Coercible c b => q b c -> FreeTraversing p a b -> FreeTraversing p a c Source # (.#) :: forall a b c q. Coercible b a => FreeTraversing p b c -> q a b -> FreeTraversing p a c Source #
Profunctor (Coyoneda p) Source #
Instance details Defined in Data.Profunctor.Yoneda Methods dimap :: (a -> b) -> (c -> d) -> Coyoneda p b c -> Coyoneda p a d Source # lmap :: (a -> b) -> Coyoneda p b c -> Coyoneda p a c Source # rmap :: (b -> c) -> Coyoneda p a b -> Coyoneda p a c Source # (#.) :: forall a b c q. Coercible c b => q b c -> Coyoneda p a b -> Coyoneda p a c Source # (.#) :: forall a b c q. Coercible b a => Coyoneda p b c -> q a b -> Coyoneda p a c Source #
Profunctor (Yoneda p) Source #
Instance details Defined in Data.Profunctor.Yoneda Methods dimap :: (a -> b) -> (c -> d) -> Yoneda p b c -> Yoneda p a d Source # lmap :: (a -> b) -> Yoneda p b c -> Yoneda p a c Source # rmap :: (b -> c) -> Yoneda p a b -> Yoneda p a c Source # (#.) :: forall a b c q. Coercible c b => q b c -> Yoneda p a b -> Yoneda p a c Source # (.#) :: forall a b c q. Coercible b a => Yoneda p b c -> q a b -> Yoneda p a c Source #
Profunctor (Tagged :: Type -> Type -> Type) Source #
Instance details Defined in Data.Profunctor.Unsafe Methods dimap :: (a -> b) -> (c -> d) -> Tagged b c -> Tagged a d Source # lmap :: (a -> b) -> Tagged b c -> Tagged a c Source # rmap :: (b -> c) -> Tagged a b -> Tagged a c Source # (#.) :: forall a b c q. Coercible c b => q b c -> Tagged a b -> Tagged a c Source # (.#) :: forall a b c q. Coercible b a => Tagged b c -> q a b -> Tagged a c Source #
Functor w => Profunctor (Cokleisli w) Source #
Instance details Defined in Data.Profunctor.Unsafe Methods dimap :: (a -> b) -> (c -> d) -> Cokleisli w b c -> Cokleisli w a d Source # lmap :: (a -> b) -> Cokleisli w b c -> Cokleisli w a c Source # rmap :: (b -> c) -> Cokleisli w a b -> Cokleisli w a c Source # (#.) :: forall a b c q. Coercible c b => q b c -> Cokleisli w a b -> Cokleisli w a c Source # (.#) :: forall a b c q. Coercible b a => Cokleisli w b c -> q a b -> Cokleisli w a c Source #
Functor f => Profunctor (Costar f) Source #
Instance details Defined in Data.Profunctor.Types Methods dimap :: (a -> b) -> (c -> d) -> Costar f b c -> Costar f a d Source # lmap :: (a -> b) -> Costar f b c -> Costar f a c Source # rmap :: (b -> c) -> Costar f a b -> Costar f a c Source # (#.) :: forall a b c q. Coercible c b => q b c -> Costar f a b -> Costar f a c Source # (.#) :: forall a b c q. Coercible b a => Costar f b c -> q a b -> Costar f a c Source #
Profunctor (Forget r :: Type -> Type -> Type) Source #
Instance details Defined in Data.Profunctor.Types Methods dimap :: (a -> b) -> (c -> d) -> Forget r b c -> Forget r a d Source # lmap :: (a -> b) -> Forget r b c -> Forget r a c Source # rmap :: (b -> c) -> Forget r a b -> Forget r a c Source # (#.) :: forall a b c q. Coercible c b => q b c -> Forget r a b -> Forget r a c Source # (.#) :: forall a b c q. Coercible b a => Forget r b c -> q a b -> Forget r a c Source #
Functor f => Profunctor (Star f) Source #
Instance details Defined in Data.Profunctor.Types Methods dimap :: (a -> b) -> (c -> d) -> Star f b c -> Star f a d Source # lmap :: (a -> b) -> Star f b c -> Star f a c Source # rmap :: (b -> c) -> Star f a b -> Star f a c Source # (#.) :: forall a b c q. Coercible c b => q b c -> Star f a b -> Star f a c Source # (.#) :: forall a b c q. Coercible b a => Star f b c -> q a b -> Star f a c Source #
Profunctor (->) Source #
Instance details Defined in Data.Profunctor.Unsafe Methods dimap :: (a -> b) -> (c -> d) -> (b -> c) -> a -> d Source # lmap :: (a -> b) -> (b -> c) -> a -> c Source # rmap :: (b -> c) -> (a -> b) -> a -> c Source # (#.) :: forall a b c q. Coercible c b => q b c -> (a -> b) -> a -> c Source # (.#) :: forall a b c q. Coercible b a => (b -> c) -> q a b -> a -> c Source #
Contravariant f => Profunctor (Clown f :: Type -> Type -> Type) Source #
Instance details Defined in Data.Profunctor.Unsafe Methods dimap :: (a -> b) -> (c -> d) -> Clown f b c -> Clown f a d Source # lmap :: (a -> b) -> Clown f b c -> Clown f a c Source # rmap :: (b -> c) -> Clown f a b -> Clown f a c Source # (#.) :: forall a b c q. Coercible c b => q b c -> Clown f a b -> Clown f a c Source # (.#) :: forall a b c q. Coercible b a => Clown f b c -> q a b -> Clown f a c Source #
Functor f => Profunctor (Joker f :: Type -> Type -> Type) Source #
Instance details Defined in Data.Profunctor.Unsafe Methods dimap :: (a -> b) -> (c -> d) -> Joker f b c -> Joker f a d Source # lmap :: (a -> b) -> Joker f b c -> Joker f a c Source # rmap :: (b -> c) -> Joker f a b -> Joker f a c Source # (#.) :: forall a b c q. Coercible c b => q b c -> Joker f a b -> Joker f a c Source # (.#) :: forall a b c q. Coercible b a => Joker f b c -> q a b -> Joker f a c Source #
Profunctor p => Profunctor (Codensity p) Source #
Instance details Defined in Data.Profunctor.Ran Methods dimap :: (a -> b) -> (c -> d) -> Codensity p b c -> Codensity p a d Source # lmap :: (a -> b) -> Codensity p b c -> Codensity p a c Source # rmap :: (b -> c) -> Codensity p a b -> Codensity p a c Source # (#.) :: forall a b c q. Coercible c b => q b c -> Codensity p a b -> Codensity p a c Source # (.#) :: forall a b c q. Coercible b a => Codensity p b c -> q a b -> Codensity p a c Source #
Arrow p => Profunctor (WrappedArrow p) Source #
Instance details Defined in Data.Profunctor.Types Methods dimap :: (a -> b) -> (c -> d) -> WrappedArrow p b c -> WrappedArrow p a d Source # lmap :: (a -> b) -> WrappedArrow p b c -> WrappedArrow p a c Source # rmap :: (b -> c) -> WrappedArrow p a b -> WrappedArrow p a c Source # (#.) :: forall a b c q. Coercible c b => q b c -> WrappedArrow p a b -> WrappedArrow p a c Source # (.#) :: forall a b c q. Coercible b a => WrappedArrow p b c -> q a b -> WrappedArrow p a c Source #
(Profunctor p, Profunctor q) => Profunctor (Product p q) Source #
Instance details Defined in Data.Profunctor.Unsafe Methods dimap :: (a -> b) -> (c -> d) -> Product p q b c -> Product p q a d Source # lmap :: (a -> b) -> Product p q b c -> Product p q a c Source # rmap :: (b -> c) -> Product p q a b -> Product p q a c Source # (#.) :: forall a b c q0. Coercible c b => q0 b c -> Product p q a b -> Product p q a c Source # (.#) :: forall a b c q0. Coercible b a => Product p q b c -> q0 a b -> Product p q a c Source #
(Profunctor p, Profunctor q) => Profunctor (Sum p q) Source #
Instance details Defined in Data.Profunctor.Unsafe Methods dimap :: (a -> b) -> (c -> d) -> Sum p q b c -> Sum p q a d Source # lmap :: (a -> b) -> Sum p q b c -> Sum p q a c Source # rmap :: (b -> c) -> Sum p q a b -> Sum p q a c Source # (#.) :: forall a b c q0. Coercible c b => q0 b c -> Sum p q a b -> Sum p q a c Source # (.#) :: forall a b c q0. Coercible b a => Sum p q b c -> q0 a b -> Sum p q a c Source #
(Functor f, Profunctor p) => Profunctor (Tannen f p) Source #
Instance details Defined in Data.Profunctor.Unsafe Methods dimap :: (a -> b) -> (c -> d) -> Tannen f p b c -> Tannen f p a d Source # lmap :: (a -> b) -> Tannen f p b c -> Tannen f p a c Source # rmap :: (b -> c) -> Tannen f p a b -> Tannen f p a c Source # (#.) :: forall a b c q. Coercible c b => q b c -> Tannen f p a b -> Tannen f p a c Source # (.#) :: forall a b c q. Coercible b a => Tannen f p b c -> q a b -> Tannen f p a c Source #
(Functor f, Profunctor p) => Profunctor (Cayley f p) Source #
Instance details Defined in Data.Profunctor.Cayley Methods dimap :: (a -> b) -> (c -> d) -> Cayley f p b c -> Cayley f p a d Source # lmap :: (a -> b) -> Cayley f p b c -> Cayley f p a c Source # rmap :: (b -> c) -> Cayley f p a b -> Cayley f p a c Source # (#.) :: forall a b c q. Coercible c b => q b c -> Cayley f p a b -> Cayley f p a c Source # (.#) :: forall a b c q. Coercible b a => Cayley f p b c -> q a b -> Cayley f p a c Source #
(Profunctor p, Profunctor q) => Profunctor (Procompose p q) Source #
Instance details Defined in Data.Profunctor.Composition Methods dimap :: (a -> b) -> (c -> d) -> Procompose p q b c -> Procompose p q a d Source # lmap :: (a -> b) -> Procompose p q b c -> Procompose p q a c Source # rmap :: (b -> c) -> Procompose p q a b -> Procompose p q a c Source # (#.) :: forall a b c q0. Coercible c b => q0 b c -> Procompose p q a b -> Procompose p q a c Source # (.#) :: forall a b c q0. Coercible b a => Procompose p q b c -> q0 a b -> Procompose p q a c Source #
(Profunctor p, Profunctor q) => Profunctor (Rift p q) Source #
Instance details Defined in Data.Profunctor.Composition Methods dimap :: (a -> b) -> (c -> d) -> Rift p q b c -> Rift p q a d Source # lmap :: (a -> b) -> Rift p q b c -> Rift p q a c Source # rmap :: (b -> c) -> Rift p q a b -> Rift p q a c Source # (#.) :: forall a b c q0. Coercible c b => q0 b c -> Rift p q a b -> Rift p q a c Source # (.#) :: forall a b c q0. Coercible b a => Rift p q b c -> q0 a b -> Rift p q a c Source #
(Profunctor p, Profunctor q) => Profunctor (Ran p q) Source #
Instance details Defined in Data.Profunctor.Ran Methods dimap :: (a -> b) -> (c -> d) -> Ran p q b c -> Ran p q a d Source # lmap :: (a -> b) -> Ran p q b c -> Ran p q a c Source # rmap :: (b -> c) -> Ran p q a b -> Ran p q a c Source # (#.) :: forall a b c q0. Coercible c b => q0 b c -> Ran p q a b -> Ran p q a c Source # (.#) :: forall a b c q0. Coercible b a => Ran p q b c -> q0 a b -> Ran p q a c Source #
(Profunctor p, Functor f, Functor g) => Profunctor (Biff p f g) Source #
Instance details Defined in Data.Profunctor.Unsafe Methods dimap :: (a -> b) -> (c -> d) -> Biff p f g b c -> Biff p f g a d Source # lmap :: (a -> b) -> Biff p f g b c -> Biff p f g a c Source # rmap :: (b -> c) -> Biff p f g a b -> Biff p f g a c Source # (#.) :: forall a b c q. Coercible c b => q b c -> Biff p f g a b -> Biff p f g a c Source # (.#) :: forall a b c q. Coercible b a => Biff p f g b c -> q a b -> Biff p f g a c Source #